AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MODEL ADVANCE PLACEMENT TEST #4

TOPICS AND TERMS -- Seven Years War, Sans culottes, Flight to Varennes, Factionalize (v), Second Industrial Revolution , Utilitarianism, Count Cavour, Otto von Bismarck, Diplomacy, Consolidate (v), Humanism, Manifest (v), Calvinism, Scripture, Hierarchical, Predestination, Vernacular, Rene Descartes, Terrestrial, Derive (v), Laissez-faire, Advocate (v), Tariffs, The Enclosure Movement, Urbanization, Precipitate (v), Plebiscite, Suez Canal Crisis, New Imperialism, Russian Revolution, Triple Entente, Fascism, Charismatic, Egalitarianism, Galileo, Second Treatise of Government, General will, Articulate (v), War of Austrian Succession, Pragmatic, Civil Constitution of the Clergy, Subservient, Alienate (v), Battle of Trafalgar, Schleswig-Holstein Affair, Risorgimento, Realpolitik, Indian National Congress, Great Reform Bill of 1832, Reform Bill of 1867, Fabian Society, National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, Paris Peace Conference 1919, Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, Pablo Picasso, Guernica, Depict (v), Munich Agreement, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika, Glasnost, Inflation , The Reformation, The Inquisition, Court of the Star Chamber, Cartesian Science, Maupertuis, Christian Huygen, Propagation, Counter Reformation, Censure (v), Diversification, Discourse on Method (1637), Cogito Ergo Sum, Inversely, Exacerbate, Aspiration, Precursor, Constitutionalism, Winston Churchill, Appeasement, Coalition, Chechnya, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Circumnavigate, Magellan, Columbus, Papal States, English Civil War (1642-1646), Charles I, Copernican Model , Elliptical, System of Nature, Baron d’Holbach, Materialism, Diplomatic Revolution , Neoplatonism , Romantic Movement , Origin of the Species (1859), Charles Darwin , The Junkers, Proficiency, Martin Luther, Glorious Revolution, British Commonwealth, Isaac Newton, Platonic-Pythagorean tradition, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Triangle of Trade, Thermador, Reassert (v), Propertied, Congress of Vienna (1814), Sturm und Drang Movement, Kulturkampf, The Sorrows of Young Warrior, Paris Commune, Chartist Movement, Repudiate, “Total War”, Treaty of Versailles, Ethnic-Nationalism, Advent, Annex, Civic Forum, “Freedom of the Christian Man”, Cardinal Richelieu, Autonomy, Bureaucracy

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MODEL ADVANCE PLACEMENT TEST

TOPICS AND TERMS Bessemer Process, Industrial Revolution, Anarchism, Socialism, Conservatism, Laissez-faire, Adam Smith, Utilitarianism, Martin Luther, Millenarianism, Council of Trent, Restoration Period, James II, Charles II, Absolutism, “little ice age”, Baroque, Women’s Social and Political Union, Fabian Society, Zionists, Labor Party, Tory Party, Weimar Republic, Five Year Plan, New Economic Plan, Socialism in one country, Fascism, Risorgimento, Imperialism in Asia, Détente, Warsaw Pact, Copernicanism, Geocentric, Heliocentric, Mary Wollstonecraft, Philosophe, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, John Locke, Middle Passage, Concordat of 1801, Treaty of Tilsit, Continental System, Calvinist communities, The Commonwealth, The Restoration, Neoplatonism, Crime and Punishment (1764), Cesare Beccaria, The Masons, Liberal nationalist alliance, Bismarck, Lebensraum, Realpolitik, Détente, Rococo, Neoclassical, The Dreyfus Affair, Animosity, Subjugation, The Apprentice System, Patronage, Anglican Church, Episcopalianism, Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, Enlightened despotism, The Enclosure Movement, March to Versailles, Abstractionism, Appeasement, Ultimatum, “war guilt clause”, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Deism, Triangle of Trade, Cottage industry, Frankfort Assembly, Eugenics, Principia Mathematica, Diderot, Russian expansionism, Boulanger Affair, Sepoy Rebellion, Taiping Rebellion, Marshall Plan, Second Industrial evolution, 20th century “nationalities problem”, Fritz Lang, “Metropolis”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

MODEL AP TEST TOPICS AND TERMS quattrocento, cinquecento, popolo, humanism, secularism, Northern Renaissance, Italian Renaissance, The Brethren of the Common Life, Confession of Augsburg, Ecumenical Council, Protestant Reformation, thwart, John Calvin, subordinate, Council of Trent, simony, pluralism, Great European Witch Hunt, hegemony, absolutism, modern totalitarianism, Louis XIV, Constitutionalism, intendant, aggrandizement, Edict of Nantes, Cromwell Protectorate, Execution of Charles I, English Civil Wars 1642 and on, Glorious Revolution, English Restoration, Thomas Hobbes, Bishop Laud, Oliver Cromwell, James II, John Locke, Cardinal Richelieu, monarchial absolutism, Frederick the Great, Peter the Great, French Revolution, Commercial Revolution 16th-17th centuries, American Revolution, Scientific Revolution, J. Kepler, Galileo, Isaac Newton, T. Brahe, Francis Bacon, natural law, repudiation, philosophes, The Enlightenment, theism, deism, atheism, Agricultural Revolution 17th-18th centuries, Enclosure Movement, putting out system, cottage industries, sovereignty, Ancien Regime, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd French Estates, National Assembly, Great Fear, The Terror, Storming of the Bastille, Napoleon, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Marxian Socialism, laissez-faire, nationalism, utopianism, Romantic Movement, William Wordsworth, George Sand, Percy Shelly, Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, urbanization, industrialization, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, rationalism, realism, relativism, Charles Darwin, G. Mendel, Second Empire of France, Frankfurt Conference (Assembly), new imperialism, mobilization, Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, Russian Revolution, Leon Trotsky, Lenin, Stalin, Kerensky, Age of Anxiety, John Maynard Keynes, Charles D Dawes, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittengenstein, Henri Bergson, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, baroque, impressionism, expressionism, Great Depression, pessimism, dadism, surrealism, stream of conscious, communism, fascism, totalitarianism, Five Year Plans, Allies of WWII, arsenal of democracy, European Coal & Steel Community, decolonization, de-Stalinization, collapse of the USSR, collapse of Yugoslavia

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. Define in detail what Glasnost is. 2. What steps were taken to alleviate tensions between the West and the East during the Cold War? 3. Who was for and who was against the Brezhnev Doctrine? Why? 4. Why was the Solidarity Movement successful. Were there any downsides to movement? 5. What monetary system was adopted at Bretton Woods? What was recovery based on? 6. Assess the presidency of Willy Brandt; his successes and failures. 7. The recession of the 1970's and 80's had consequences to world society. What were they? 8. What were some of the factors that caused the economic recession of the 70's and 80's 9. Why wasn’t there a reaction or revolution in response to unemployment and inflation of the 70's and 80's? 10.There were three waves” in the feminist movement. What were they? 11. Why was the USSR’s involvement in Afghanistan called the Soviet’s “Vietnam”? 12. Which ex-Soviet bloc states achieved independence peacefully? Violently? 13. Was Gorbachev’s perestroika plan successful? Why or why not? 14. List some of the books on feminism that were written by female contemporary writers of the era. 15. What were some of the changes in European society in the past 30 years?

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE VOCABULARY CONTEMPORARY: living, occurring, or originating at the same time ALLEVIATE: to make (pain or difficulty) less severe MONETARY: relating to money or currency RECESSION: a temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced DEFICITS: a temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced BOOM: economic time of prosperity and plenty INFLATION: a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money STAGFLATION: economic stagnation with high inflation and high unemployment GLASNOST: the policy or practice of more open government. PERESTROIKA: restructuring (refers to radical economic, political, and social reforms in the USSR) OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PROFOUND: very great or intense; showing great knowledge or insight; demanding deep study or thought IMPOSITION: when one is forced to be accept, undertake, or comply with; to take unfair advantage of someone AUSTERITY: a period of lacking comforts, luxuries, or adornment; or severe or strict in appearance or manner FRUGAL: sparing or economical as regards money or food. AUTOBAHN: a motorway in a German-speaking country INITIATIVE: the ability to act independently and with a fresh approach; the power or opportunity to act before others do; a new development or fresh approach to a problem. RECONCILIATION: restoration of friendly relations between two parties STALEMATE a situation in which further progress by opposing parties seems impossible ENTERPRISE: a business or company; a project or undertaking, especially a bold one; bold resourcefulness MARKET MECHANISMS: rules and regulations that drive an economic market REPUDIATION: a denial of the truth or validity of something or someone; a refusal to accept or be associated with OPT: choose GNP: Gross National Product EMBARGO: an official ban, especially on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country BRAIN DRAIN: the emigration the best and brightest of a country to another usually to avoid persecution URBANIZATION: :relating to or characteristic of changing into a town or city S.T.A.R.T.: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START COUP: a coup d’etat WORLD COURT IN THE HAGUE: international court whose jurisdiction is crimes against humanity DISTINCTION: a marked difference or contrast; the action of distinguishing MATERIALISTIC: a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values ETHNIC CLEANSING: genocide, the deliberate destruction of an ethnic group FALTER: to lose strength or momentum; move or speak hesitantly DISSOLUTION: the formal closing down or ending of an assembly, official body, or agreement PROVOKE: to stimulate or cause a strong or unwelcome reaction or emotion in someone; to deliberately annoy or anger; to incite to do or feel something, especially by arousing anger.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTIONS NOTE: THESE ESSAY QUESTIONS MUST BE ANSWERED AND TURNED IN THE DAY OF THE TEST 1. To what extent and in what ways did Gorbachev’s reforms bring about the dissolution of the USSR? How important were his reforms in the process? Which ones affected it? Consider both perestroika and glasnost. Be sure to show how their degree of success or failure provoked the final breakdown. Consider his repudiation of the Brezhnev Doctrine. 2. Analyze the causes of the economic crises in Europe during the 1970's. Trace the causes and determine the relationships of the world monetary crisis and the OPEC oil embargos in bringing about the regional stagflation of the 1970's. 3. Describe the Eastern European Revolutions of 1989. Explain the patterns of revolution in the various East European states during 1989. Consider the role of Solidarity in Poland, the liberalization policies in Hungary, the bloody uprisings in Romania, the opening of the Berlin Wal in Germany. 4. Discuss how the entrance of great numbers of women in the workplace has altered European society Relate the “big picture” and offer specific effects of this powerful trend. How has life changed for the mass of European women? How has the trend affected family, birthrate, divorce, marriage? 5. Explain how the Solidarity Movement in Poland evolved from a trade union movement to a force for a national democratization. Offer reasons for, and make clear why, a trade union was able to democratize a Communist dictatorship. Be sure to examine origins; leadership on both sides; the role of the Roman Catholic Church; the nature of Polish society; and the gains, losses, and final triumphs of the movement.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE Topics and Terms - Economics - Bretton Woods - Common Market - GNP (Gross National Produce) - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Oil Embargo 1973 - Arab-Israeli War 1973 - oil wars - stagflation - unionism, welfare benefits - European Community (EC) - the Maastricht Treaty - Science - WWII inventions - atomic energy - computers - “pure and applied science” - Big Science - space race - sputnik - brain drain - Population and Poverty - population control - industrialization, urbanization, attitude changes, modern contraception - First, Second and Third World - rise in births, decline of deaths - women’s movement - Collapse of Communism and the End of the Cold War - Mikhail Gorbachev - INF Treaty - USSR’s war in Afghanistan - perestroika - glasnost - Congress of People’s Deputies 1989 - Solidarity - Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia - fall of the Berlin Wall - revolution in Romania - Germany’s re-unification - Cold War over November 1990 - Charter for a New Europe - Boris Yeltsin - independence of Croatia, Slovenia - from Yugoslavia - Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) - Communist coup attempt - independence of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia - Commonwealth of Independent States - ethnic rivalries in the Balkans - World Court in the Hague - 1st Gulf War - Society - class distinctions now blurred - consumer culture - new products, new career opportunities - Baby Boomers - prosperous - higher educated - rebellious - rock music - drugs - loose sexual attitudes - materialistic - anti-war student radicalism - more women in the workforce - more divorces? - birth control - Simone de Beauvoir - Betty Friedan - feminism - Recent Developments - economic change - Western Europe (but not Great Britain) - Monetary union - Germany - Willy Brandt - united but with complications - Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic join NATO - ethnic cleansing in the Balkans - Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Kosovars, Montenegrins, Albanians - Slobodan Milosevic - Russia - faltering economy - corruption during Yeltsin’s tenure - Chechnya - Vladimir Putin - detente - 9/11 terrorist attacks - international era - religious fanaticism - Muslim - Christian - Hindu - Israelis and Palestinians

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM AND COLD WAR FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. What is detente? How was it applied to the Cold War? 2. What is meant by “the thaw” in relations between the West and the Communism? 3. Despite the success of Gosplan, what were some of the failures in production? 4. List the pros and cons of Stalin’s administration in the USSR. 5. What were the Communist countries that were not part of the Soviet Union’s satellite nations? Why? 6. Describe the terms of the Schuman and Monnet Plan. What did it promote? 7. What was the main reason the U.S. put aside its policy of isolationism after World War II? 8. Name the industrial regions of Germany. Where is the center? 9. In what ways were tensions increased by the partitioning of Germany? 10. Why is the Marshall Plan considered altruistic? 11. Which countries are part of the Common Market? How was the Common Market created? 12. Name some of the common characteristics of the Soviet satellites. How do they relate to the USSR. 13. List the changes in Soviet policy under the leadership of Nikita Khruschchev. 14. Make a chronological table of the events before, during, and shortly after the Korean War. 15. What was wrong with the Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1970. How could it backfire?

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM, AND THE COLD WAR 1945-1970 PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Explain the major confrontations of the Cold War before the death of Stalin To “detail” is the task. First, determine what is meant by “confrontation.” The very essence of the Cold War was that the superpowers never directly confronted each other militarily. Before 1953 and the death of Stalin, one of the most serious confrontations involved the United States and the USSR over the Berlin Blockade. Through the winter of 1948-1949, mostly American aircraft flew over Soviet-held East Germany to supply West Berlin. The forces of each of the superpowers were within easy shooting distance, but moderation prevailed on both sides. The Korean War brought the United States and other U.N. forces into a shooting war with the new Communist China, which was considered a close ally of the Soviets and was supplied with Russian arms and aided by Russian “volunteers.” President Truman’s sacking of Gen. MacArthur limited the scope of the war. The Truman Doctrine and NATO, the West’s responses to the Communist threat in Europe, could be considered elements of the overall confrontation. 2. Evaluate the role of NATO in the defense of Western Europe. “What minuses?” you ask. Did its establishment in 1949 increase tensions between the West and the Soviets? Should West Germany have been rearmed by 1950? Should it have been authorized to create a “national army” by 1954? Did its role in NATO exaggerate the importance of the United States in Europe? Would the Warsaw Pact have been consummated if not for the existence of NATO? Were there alternatives? The pluses? It seems to have averted an invasion of Western Europe after its inception. The stationing of hundreds of thousands of American troops on European soil not only aided the Western Europeans in their defense, but it enabled them to invest in their economies the huge sums needed for defense. The United States also gave billions of dollars to other NATO powers to build up their military forces, and U.S. bases boosted their local economies. 3. Analyze the movement toward economic union in Western Europe. Recall that the Marshall Plan inspired the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. Did this set the tone for the Schumann and Monnet plan? What was the European Coal and Steel Community? How did it evolve into the Common Market? Who were the Common Market’s first members? Why wasn’t Britain one of them? What was the role of the French in delaying British membership? How has European consolidation gone beyond the economic? . 4. Contrast and compare the status of Eastern European satellites before and in the two decades after the death of Stalin. Eastern Europe before the Soviet takeover after World War II was an agricultural, not an industrial, region. How did land redistribution and Soviet-type Five Year Plans change this? What was the political situation for the satellites? How did the East Berlin riots of 1953 set a new precedent in the relations between the Soviets and their satellites? How did “de-Stalinization” help precipitate revolts in Poland and Hungary in 1956? How did these revolts affect the political and economic reform of Eastern Europe? How did the suppression of Czechoslovakia in 1968 diminish the soviet reputation as anti-imperialistic in the Third World? What changed, what remained the same after Stalin’s death? 5. Analyze how and why the Cold War gradually thawed Again, the death of Stalin cannot be underestimated as an influence. Be aware, though, that while the “cult of personality” disappeared from Soviet political life, the edifices of the totalitarian state remained. The so-called thaw involved a number of “quick-freeze” crises. The summit meetings played an invaluable role in decreasing superpower tensions. The Cuban Missile Crisis may have alerted the United States and the USSR to the ultimate disaster that “brinkmanship” could lead to. The year 1963 was significant in that the Test Ban Treaty was signed and the monolithic Communist Bloc cracked with the Soviet-Chinese rift. Nixon’s policy of detente, despite the Vietnam War, was a giant step. The Nonproliferation Treaty and the SALT treaties were significant.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM, AND COLD WAR Overview - Western European Recovery 1945-1957 - 1945 - Germany’s Ruhr Valley (aka Ruhr Basin) - reparations - Morganthau Plan - 1946 - partitioning of Germany - occupation zones - French, German, American, Soviet - Soviet becomes East Germany - remainder becomes West Germany - Communist agitation in France and Italy - 1948 - Czech Communists seize power in Czechoslovakia - the Marshall Plan - George Marshall - 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) - 1950 - European recovery - free trade - policy of containment - 1952 - Schuman and Monnet Plan - European Coal and Steel Community - 1955 - the Warsaw Pact - 1957 - European Economic Community - Common Market - Communism: the Soviet Union and Its Satellites (Soviet Bloc) - 1945 - Eastern European countries - Albania and Yugoslavia - 1945-1953 - land distribution reforms - collectivization - Five Year Plans - police state - Joseph Stalin - Great Patriotic War - gulags - 1949 - test of 1st atomic bomb - 1953 - test of 1st hydrogen bomb - death of Stalin - Lavrenti Beria - beginning of resistence in satellite countries - 1956 - Nikita S. Khruschchev - crimes of Stalin - cult of personality - de-Stalinization - Polish, Hungarian revolts - Wladysaw Gomulka - 1957 - Sputnik - intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) - 1964 - Khruschchev ousted - Centralized economie planning (Gosplan) - failure of collectivized farms - 1968 - Soviets invade Czechoslovakia - the Brezhnev Doctrine - Leonid Brezhnev - Cold War - conflict between the Soviet Union and the West - the superpowers (US and USSR) - 1st. world, 2nd world, 3rd world - Marxist revolutions in Asia, Africa and Latin America - nuclear arms race - “balance of terror” - collapse of the Soviet Union - new world order - 1945-1947 - Communist strikes in Western Europe - takeover of Eastern Europe nations - Truman Doctrine - 1948 - Soviet blockade of Berlin - the Berlin Airlift - European Recovery Plan (Marshall Plan) - 1949 - Chinese Communist Revolution - Mao Zedong (Communists) - Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) - Formosa (Taiwan) - 1950 - the Korean War - Kim Il Sung - Syngman Rhee - 38th parallel - Soviet boycott of UN Security Council - Gen. Douglas MacArthur - Inchon - the firing of MacArthur - armistice 1953 - 1953 - death of Stalin - Khruschchev - peaceful coexistence - 1955 - Geneva Summit - President Eisenhower - Soviet leaders - French and British Prime Ministers - 1956 - wars in the Middle East - the Geneva Accords - partitioning of Vietnam - 1959 - Communist takeover of Cuba - Fulgencio Batista - Fidel Castro - 1960 - the Paris Summit - the U-2 incident - 1961 - Bay of Pigs invasion - John F. Kennedy - Berlin Wall - 1962 - U.S. “military advisors” in Vietnam - South Vietnam - Vietcong - Vietminh - Cuban Missile Crisis - 1963 - Nuclear test ban treaty - the “hotline” - Failsafe theory - rift between USSR and Communist China - 1964 - China joins “nuclear bomb club” - 1965 - Lyndon Baines Johnson - escalation of Vietnam war - the Chinese People’s Republic (aka PRC or communist China) --1969 - Richard Nixon - Henry Kissinger - detente - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) - U.S. lands on the moon - 1970 - Nonproliferation treaty - India joins “nuclear bomb club” - 1972 - Nixon visits China - beginning of “the Thaw”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: WORLD WAR II AND ITS AFTERMATH

TOPICS AND TERMS Triumph of the Axis Powers - Axis Powers - Italy, Germany, Japan - 1939 - Hitler invades Poland - the Polish Corridor - England, France declare war on Germany - Poland falls - Non-Aggression Pact - Russia takes the Baltic states - Nazis round up Poles for extinction - Russo-Finnish War - 1940 - Phony War (sitzkrieg) - Maginot Line - British Expeditionary Force - Nazis overrun Denmark, Norway - Wehrmacht - blitzkrieg - miracle of Dunkirk - Free French Fighters - Mussolini “invades” southern France - France surrenders to Germany - Vichy government - Marshal Philippe Petain - Battle of Britain - Luftwaffe - Royal Air Force (RAF) - the Blitz - 1941 - Britain dives into Libya - Germans invade Greece and Yugoslavia - British occupy Iran, Iraq, Syria - Germans invade the USSR - the “General Winter” - U.S. Lend Lease Act - “arsenal of democracy” - Franklin Delano Roosevelt - Winston Churchill - Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor - U.S. declares war on Japan - Germany, Italy declare war on the U.S. - the Holocaust - Jews, intellectuals, gypsies, non-Aryans - also unfit, crippled, mentally challenged, etc. - would volunteer - Concentration Camps - African campaign - Gen. Erwin Rommel (aka the Desert Fox) The Tide of War Turns (mid-1942-1943) - Rommel’s Afrika Corps - el Alamein - General Montgomery - Battle of Midway - Guadalcanal - island hopping - Okinawa - Battle of Stalingrad - Allies land in North Africa - Russians advance on Germany - Casablanca Conference - unconditional surrender Allied Victory - 1943 - Allied invasion of Sicily - Teheran Conference - D-Day invasion - Normandy - Battle of the Bulge - Russia closes in from the east - Allies close in from the west - Hitler commits suicide - atomic bomb on Hiroshima - atomic bomb on Nagasaki - Japan surrenders - Gen. Douglas MacArthur Aftermath of the War - Crucial Conferences for Post-War Europe - Yalta Conference - the Big Three - the partitioning of Germany - creation of the United Nations - Potsdam Conference - the conflict for control of Europe - U.S. and USSR are main world powers - superpowers - Soviet Bloc - satellite states - Western bloc (or “free world”) - Iron Curtain Speech - Cold War

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: WORLD WAR II AND ITS AFTERMATH 1939-1953

PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. “The Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis was more an ideological than an actual alliance.” Assess the validity of this statement. To “determine the truth” of this statement, you have to consider the ways in which the Axis partners aided each other’s war efforts. Did the Italians and the Germans actually coordinate battlefield strategy? Recall Mussolini’s “stabbing France in the back” in 1940; the North African campaign; the “Balkans Rescue”; the invasion of Sicily. Did the European Axis partners ever coordinate battle plans, send or receive war materials, plan overall strategy with the Japanese? How were they united in aims, ideology, political methods. 2. To what extent and in what ways did the U.S., the USSR, and Britain coordinate war aims and strategies? “How and how much” is the issue here. In dealing with Russian and Western cooperation, consider the Big Three conferences: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam (after the death of Roosevelt); the second-front controversy; the material aid from the United States to Russia. The American-British alliance is more tangible: Lend-Lease; the Atlantic Charter; North Africa, Sicily, Italy, Normandy, the bombing and invasion of Germany; the Pacific War 3. The Allied decision to demand “unconditional surrender” of the Axis powers lengthened the war needlessly.” Defend or refute this statement. This has been an issue much argued, “a hypothesis contrary to fact.” Would the war have ended sooner if the Allies had negotiated with the Axis governments or even with anti-government military factions? In framing your answer, consider that despite the saturation bombing of Germany’s cities, the Nazis maintained an iron grip until the end; despite assassination attempts, Hitler ruled until his suicide when the Russians were at the gates of Berlin; despite firebombing and the dropping of the first A-Bomb, the Japanese refused to surrender. 4. Contrast and compare the results of the war on both the United States and the USSR. “Show differences”: What was the destruction to the homelands of each? What political, social, or economic changes took place for each? What were the human losses? What were the war gains? “Examine similarities”: They were the only two powers - superpowers - with the strength left to influence European and world events; they had established parallel spheres of influence; they had simultaneously solidified their competing ideologies and launched the Cold War. This is an abstract question that requires crisp organization and thoughtful presentation. 5. Analyze the way the wartime cooperation of the United States and the Soviet Union degenerated, within a few years after the end of the war, into the Cold War The wartime alliance between the West and the Soviet Union was the cooperation of competing systems in order to defeat a common enemy. Strains showed early in the Russian push for a second front, manifested themselves in the tensions at Yalta and at Potsdam in the Russian refusal to allow free elections in Russian-occupied Eastern Europe. The geographic expansion of communism because of the war frightened the West. The presence of massive US. Forces in Europe frightened the Soviets.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: WORLD WAR II AND ITS AFTERMATH

FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. List all the countries, and partial countries thereof, that were conquered by the Nazis. 2. What was the nickname for the period between the fall of Poland and France? 3. What were the provisions of the Atlantic Charter? 4. What were some of the problems between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union before the end of World War II 5. What agreements came out of the Yalta Conference? 6. How do you account for the mass movement of the European population between 1939 and 1950? 7. What were some of the attributes of the Cold War between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.? 8. What did Churchill mean in his “Iron Curtain” speech? 9. What soured the relationship between the West and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference? 10. Which nations remained powerful enough to influence world affairs after World War II? 11. What did the Allies do to German cities during World War II? 12. Why is the invasion of “fortress Europe” significant? 13. Which battles helped turn the advantage in the war from the Axis to the Allies? 14. During what year did the Axis powers control almost all of Europe and North Africa? 15. What is the “Miracle at Dunkirk”?

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: WORLD WAR I AND THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION

- Long-term Causes of World War I - rival alliances - Triple Alliance - Triple Entente - Three Emperors’ League - Dual Alliance - French Russian alliance - Entente Cordial - Anglo-German Rivalries - Germany vs Britain - arms race - expansion of German and British navies - imperialism - Baghdad Railroad - Germany advocates Moroccan independence - First Moroccan Crisis - Algerian Conference - Second Moroccan Crisis - the Panther - city of Fez - nationalism - ethnic groups in the Ottoman Empire - Dual Monarchy - Pan-Slavism - First Balkan Crisis - Turkish-Italian War - First Balkan War - Second Balkan War Immediate Cause of World War I - Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand - Wilhelm’s “blank check” - Austria declares war on Serbia - Germany declares war on Russia - France declares war on Germany - Germany invades Belgium - Britain declares war on Germany - The War - the sides - the Allies - the Central Powers - the Western Front - Schlieffen Plan - its strategies - why it failed - war of attrition - trench warfare - the Eastern Front - von Hindenburg - Erich Ludendorff - Galacia - Gallipoli Campaign - fall of the Czar - Alexander Kerensky - Bolsheviks - waging the war - total war - propaganda - food rationing - war bonds - naval blockades - unrestricted submarine warfare - the Lusitania - Wilson’s declaration of war - diplomacy - neutral Italy - Zimmerman Note - Palestine - the war ends - America enters the war - collapse of Austria-Hungarian empire - abdication of the kaiser - Wilson’s Fourteen Points - eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month - the Spanish Flu - The Peace Settlements - Highlights of the Fourteen Points - end secret treaties - freedom of the seas - free trade - arms reduction - settlement of colonial claims - evacuation of occupied territories, national self-determination - establishment of a League of Nations - Results of the War - 10 million battle dead, countless civilians - end of Russian, German, Austrian and Ottoman Empires - arbitrary creation of ethnically diverse states in Eastern Europe - Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia - establishment of communism in Russia - the enmity of the German people - World War II would break out 20 years after Treaty of Versailles

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: WORLD WAR I AND THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION

FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. What were some of the reasons for the rivalry between Germany and England between 1870 to 1914? 2. How did the Balkan crises between 1908 and 1913 lead to World War I? What was the metaphorical term for the Balkans at this time? 3. What was the “blank check” Germany “gave” to Austria? 4. Was World War I a total war? If so, why? If not, why not? 5. What was the Algeciras Conference and who was involved? 6. What factors in Europe led to the outbreak of World War I? 7. Describe the action on the Eastern Front. Who had the upper hand? 8. What was the Schlieffen Plan. Was it successful or did it fail? Why? 9. What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points? Why did the U.S. Congress not agree with Wilson? 10. Who were the major players in World War I and when did they join in the fight? 11. What were some of the innovations used in World War I? 12. List the empires that ceased to exist as a result of World War I? 13. Describe the action on the Western Front between 1914 and 1918. Who had the upper hand? 14. Which Eastern European countries gained independence after the peace conference that ended the war? 15. How did the Central Powers control their civilian populations?

AP EURO - WORLD WAR I AND THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION

PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTION 1. “Each of the belligerents in Europe was responsible for the outbreak of World War I.” Defend or refute this statement. Many Americans, influenced to this day by creative Allied propaganda and by German aggression in world War II, believed that Germany was responsible for starting the First World War. Certainly the Kaiser’s prewar arrogance was one of the friction points, but England, France, and Russia each carried out policies that aggravated the tension. In framing your answer, consider the network of alliances that France and Germany engineered after the Franco-Prussian War; economic rivalry between Germany and Britain; the roles of Britain as well as Germany in the naval arms race; the mentalities of both “have” and “have-not” nations in the race for colonies; Russian support for Pan-Slavism in Austria-Hungary; the volatile Balkan situation. 2. “After the first few months of war, the combat on the Western Front was very different from anything the strategists on either side had envisioned.” Assess the validity of this statement. Each of the belligerents anticipated a quick, decisive victory at the out break of war. The end result was a war of attrition - a gradual and inexorable wearing down of the manpower, resources, and will to fight. In “determining the truth” of the assertion, consider the German Schlieffen Plan, the unexpected speed of Russian mobilization, the Battle of the Marne, the attempts at outflanking, the resulting line of trenches from Switzerland to the North Sea. Be aware of the development of new tactics and weaponry; sea blockades, unrestricted submarine warfare, massed artillery, poison gas, aircraft, and tanks. 3. Explain why the war ended the Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and German empires. “Explain” in this context means to “offer the causes and reasons for” the collapse of those great empires. The scope of the issue is very broad, so a detailed accounting of each is not practical. Look for causes common to all three; the strains of a war of attrition - shortages, casualties; political instabilities; defeats in battle. Emphasize the different characters of their problems: the Bolshevik movement in Russia; ethnic rivalries in Austro-Hungary; democratic and socialist opposition movements in Germany. 4. Contrast and compare the Fourteen Points with the peace settlements in Paris. Had President Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic plan for peace had been implemented, the grievances that led to World War II might have been settled. The main provisions of the Fourteen points: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; free trade; arms reduction; settlement of colonial claims, notional autonomy and adjustment of borders; establishment of a League of Nations. The big Four Allied leaders met in Paris and drew up three treaties, without representatives of any of the Central Powers, to end the war. It is not necessary to show the differences or ascertain similarities between the Fourteen Points and each of these treaties. In general terms, show what Wilson gave up during the negotiations in order to attain his prime goal, the League of Nations. 5. Evaluate the Treaty of Versailles To “judge the worth of,” “discuss the advantages and disadvantages, the pluses and minuses,” examine the main provisions - border adjustments, occupation, colonial adjustments, war guilt, indemnities, German disarmament - and consider the significance and consequences. How did he reparation payments by Germany affect its economy? How did Hitler use the war guilt clause in his propaganda? How did the Polish Corridor create conflict between Germany and newly independent Poland? What were the implications of Japan’s receiving German Pacific colonies? How did Hitler use the remilitarization of the Rhineland and German rearmament to increase his popularity and power?