AP UNITED STATES HISTORY

THE COLD WAR BEGINS TOPIC AND TERMS PEOPLE Hermann Goering Harry S Truman George F. Kennan Douglas MacArthur Dean Acheson Joseph McCarthy Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Reinhold Niebuhr J. Robert Oppenheimer Jiang Jishi Mao Zedong Henry Wallace Thomas Dewey Strom Thurmond Adlai Stevenson Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon (spit) Alger Hiss Sen. Joseph McCarthy Dr. Benjamin Spock TERMS AND EVENTS Gross National Produce (GNP) Yalta Conference Big Three Cold War U.N. Security Council Big Five Powers Baruch Plan Nuremberg trials iron curtain German occupation zones Berlin blockade Berlin airlift “containment doctrine” Truman Doctrine European Community (EC) Marshall Plan Recognition of Israel 1948 National Security Act Truman’s “Point Four” Program Pentagon National Security Council (NSC) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) “Voice of America” Inchon landing Yalu River Selective Service System (the draft) white flight Bretton Woods North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Japanese occupation Taft-Hartley Act Employment Act 1946 Communist China Soviet A-bomb H-bomb Council of Economic Advisors GI Bill of Rights VA loans “sunbelt” suburbs Federal Housing Administration “Levittown” “Baby Boom” International Monetary Fund (IMF) IBRD (World Bank) United Nations House Committee on Un-American Activities McCarran Act Atomic Energy Commission Fair Deal Hydrogen bomb NSC-68 U.N. “police action” 38TH Parallel Dixiecrats Loyalty oaths

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY

THE COLD WAR BEGINS FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. Unit Introduction The authors here summarize the formative forces for the generation born after World War II. Explain what they mean in the first paragraph when they say that the “two themes of promise and menace mingled uneasily throughout the nearly five decades of the Cold War era...” What is the difference between “Russia” and the “Soviet Union”? a. Promise b. Menace: c. “Russia”/”Soviet Union:” 2. Adjustment to Peacetime The authors describe the shock to both production and price levels as the economy converted back from emergency wartime production and had to absorb large numbers of returning soldiers. Postwar Republican efforts to slow down the New Deal-inspired march of unionization came to a head in 1947 with the passage of the ___________-___________ Act restricting union activities. Congress passed the “GI Bill of ___________,” which helped educate some ____ million veterans and lent them money through the ___________________ Administration (VA) so they could settle down in their own houses. Did the government pass this law primarily because it felt an obligation to those who had fought the war? If not, what other motivations might have been involved? The authors say that this act produced big economic benefits for the country. Do you think that taxpayers should pay for free higher education as they do in some other countries? a. Motivation: b. Free higher Education: 3. Postwar Economic Boom The authors list several causes of the sustained economic boom that lasted basicallly from 1950 to 1970. What do they mean by the following factors? a. World War II itself: b. “Permanent war economy” (see charts page 856): c. Cheap energy: d. Productivity gains: e. “Sunbelt” and mobility: 4. Suburbs and Baby Boom a. A depression and war-weary middle-class population happily moved to the suburbs and bgegan making babies in the postwar years. As you read the section on “The Suburbanites,”list some of the pros and cons of the lifestyle described. I. Pros: II. Cons: b. the authors refer to the “baby boom” from 1945 to 1960 as a “pig passing through a python.” This caused a boom in elementary school construction in the 1950s then rock music in the 1960s and 1970s. The baby boom generation is now firmly in middle age. If you h ad some extra cash, what types of businesses might you invest in today that will benefit from the “Baby Boom Bulge”over the next twenty years? 5. Harry S Truman In this short section, the authors pass judgment on Truman, a man from a relatively plain Missouri background whose fate it was to be thrust into the presidency at a time in which some momentous decisions had to be made. From what they say here, do you guess that the authors will be positive or negative on Truman’s performance in office? Why? What clues do they give? 6. Yalta Sets the Stage In the absence of a formal peace conference (like Versailles after World War I), the wartime meeting at the Russian resort of Yalta in February 19___ among Roosevelt, _______________, and _________ takes on huge importance. At Yalta a new ______________ Nations organization was agreed upon. Stalin promised free postwar elections for Eastern European countries such as _______________, but Russian forces were occupying these countries on their march toward Berlin and there was little the West could do to keep Stalin from eventually breaking this promise. In return for a share of the goodies at the peace table, Stalin promised to help the United States defeat Japan within ____ months of the final victory over Germany. Remember from the last chapter the argument of some that the prospect of Russia thus enhancing its postwar position in Asia MAY have influenced the American decision to drop the A-bomb when it did. 7. U.S. vs. USSR List a few of the ways the authors, in their even-handed analysis, say that both the differences and similarities between the United States and the USSR led to almost inevitable confliict. a. Differences and suspicions: b. Similarities: 8. Cold War Begins a. A new postwar international framework, this time with full U.S. participation, was established when the International ______________ Fund (IMF) and the _____________ Bank were established at the _____________ Woods Conference in 1944. Replacing the old League, a new ________________ Nations was established in San Francisco a year later. The U.N. had a number of successes but missed a golden opportunity to control the massive dangers of atomic power when the ______________ Plan was never approved. Twenty-two top Nazis were tried and convicted at _________________ after the war. If war involves mass killing by definition, do you think it’s fair to hold trials for “war crimes”? If so, can you think of any acts by the United States during its various wars that might justify prosecution? b. After the war, both Germany and its capital _____________ were each divided into four supposedly temporary “zones of occupation” to be administered by the “Big Four” - the United States, the USSR, ___________, and ________________. These evolved into two separate countries, ____________ Germany, tied to the Soviets, and __________ Germany, tied to Western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, trying to starve the western powers out of their sectors in Berlin, located deep inside the eastern sector. The United States responded with a gigantic ______________ designed to keep the Berlin supply line open. Stalin finally called off the blockade in May 19___. By 1947, the broad strategy of “containing” Soviet expansionism, first developed by Soviet specialist George F. ________, had become accepted in America. Following potential communist takeovers in Greece and _____________________, this strategy became formalized in what came to be known as the ________________ Doctrine, an open-ended American commitment to support “free peoples” resisting communist takeovers. What do you see as the strengths as well as the potential dangers of this American “holy-war” against communism? I. Strengths: II. Potential dangers: c. to keep communism out of Western Europe, Truman won approval in 1948 for the _____________ Plan, which would eventually funnel $______ billion into the successful reconstruction of Western Europe. It would also set the stage for the eventual creation of the ______________ Union (EC) which is now unifying European countries. In 1947, the National ____________ Act reorganized and unified the military in the face of Soviet challenge and created the National _________________ Council (NSC) and Central _________________ Agency (CIA). In a major break with the nation’s isolationist past, Congress in 1949 approved joining the North __________ _________ Organization (NATO), a defensive alliance of western European nations. Japanese reconstruction proceeded quickly and efficiently under the command of U.S. General Douglas _______________ and with the cooperation of the Japanese. In China, however, Communist forces under Mao _________ in 1949 forced the Nationalist government under Generalissimo Jiang ___________ to leave he mainland and set up on the island of ___________________. This development, together with the first Soviet explosion of an ___________ bomb in 1949, further heightened American anxieties. A massive and fantastically dangerous nuclear arms race ensued, beginning with the first explosion of an American ________ bomb in 1952. 9. Cold War at Home a. There is now no doubt that the Soviets did support a variety of “front” organizations in the United States (as well as the open American Communist Party) and had a few spies planted within U.S. agencies. However, the frantic anti-Communist hysteria of the late 1940's and early 1950's was largely reprehensible. ____________ oaths were required of teachers and government employees, and many good careers were ruined. Future president Richard M. Nixon (spit) came to prominence as a lowly congressman when he successfully pursued diplomat Alger __________ . Worst of all was the intimidation of Senator Joseph R. _____________, who started by accusing State Department employees of Red ties and expanded from there. This hysterical period quieted down a bit after the 1953 execution of Julius and Ethel ______________ on charges of delivering atomic secrets to the Soviets. What actions, if any, by people working to change or overthrow the U.S. government do you think should be illegal? b. the 1948 election pitted the incumbent Democratic President _________ against Republican New York governor Thomas E. ___________. Truman’s party was divided on the right by ultraconservative J. Strom _____________ and on the left by Henry A. _____________. Though apparently the loser, Truman’s feisty style won him another term. 10. Korea a. This major war, which killed as many Americans as Vietnam, gets only a two-page treatment here. Remember the concessions given to Stalin at Yalta in return for his agreement to help with the final defeat of Japan. As a result of this, Russia occupied the northern half of the Korean peninsula and the United States the southern half. Two separate antagonistic countries evolved. In June of 1950, the North Koreans crossed the _______ parallel in an attempt to defeat the South and unify the country. Why do the authors say that this invasion provided proof to Truman of the fundamental premise of the “containment doctrine”? b. Code-named “____-68,” the administration used this crisis as an excuse for a massive military buildup. Implementing his “containment” policy, Truman obtained a U.N. Security Council resolution (in the absence of the Soviet representative) condemning the invasion. He then sent in U.S. forces under General ______________. These forces made a surprise invasion behind enemy lines at __________ in September 1950, and drove north to the Chinese border, whereupon Chinese troops entered the war, crossing the _______ River and forcing the Americans back to a long stalemate around the 38th parallel dividing line. Because General _____________ publicly demanded the right to widen the war by attacking parts of China, he was removed from office by President ___________ in 1951. Do you agree with MacArthur that he was being asked to fight a war “with one hand tied behind my back’? Do you agree with Truman that, despite his popularity and success, MacArthur should have been removed from command? Why or why not? I. MacArthur’s complaint: II. MacArthur’s removal:

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM, AND THE COLD WAR 1945-1970 PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Explain the major confrontations of the Cold War before the death of Stalin To “detail” is the task. First, determine what is meant by “confrontation.” The very essence of the Cold War was that the superpowers never directly confronted each other militarily. Before 1953 and the death of Stalin, one of the most serious confrontations involved the United States and the USSR over the Berlin Blockade. Through the winter of 1948-1949, mostly American aircraft flew over Soviet-held East Germany to supply West Berlin. The forces of each of the superpowers were within easy shooting distance, but moderation prevailed on both sides. The Korean War brought the United States and other U.N. forces into a shooting war with the new Communist China, which was considered a close ally of the Soviets and was supplied with Russian arms and aided by Russian “volunteers.” President Truman’s sacking of Gen. MacArthur limited the scope of the war. The Truman Doctrine and NATO, the West’s responses to the Communist threat in Europe, could be considered elements of the overall confrontation. 2. Evaluate the role of NATO in the defense of Western Europe. “What minuses?” you ask. Did its establishment in 1949 increase tensions between the West and the Soviets? Should West Germany have been rearmed by 1950? Should it have been authorized to create a “national army” by 1954? Did its role in NATO exaggerate the importance of the United States in Europe? Would the Warsaw Pact have been consummated if not for the existence of NATO? Were there alternatives? The pluses? It seems to have averted an invasion of Western Europe after its inception. The stationing of hundreds of thousands of American troops on European soil not only aided the Western Europeans in their defense, but it enabled them to invest in their economies the huge sums needed for defense. The United States also gave billions of dollars to other NATO powers to build up their military forces, and U.S. bases boosted their local economies. 3. Analyze the movement toward economic union in Western Europe. Recall that the Marshall Plan inspired the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. Did this set the tone for the Schumann and Monnet plan? What was the European Coal and Steel Community? How did it evolve into the Common Market? Who were the Common Market’s first members? Why wasn’t Britain one of them? What was the role of the French in delaying British membership? How has European consolidation gone beyond the economic? . 4. Contrast and compare the status of Eastern European satellites before and in the two decades after the death of Stalin. Eastern Europe before the Soviet takeover after World War II was an agricultural, not an industrial, region. How did land redistribution and Soviet-type Five Year Plans change this? What was the political situation for the satellites? How did the East Berlin riots of 1953 set a new precedent in the relations between the Soviets and their satellites? How did “de-Stalinization” help precipitate revolts in Poland and Hungary in 1956? How did these revolts affect the political and economic reform of Eastern Europe? How did the suppression of Czechoslovakia in 1968 diminish the soviet reputation as anti-imperialistic in the Third World? What changed, what remained the same after Stalin’s death? 5. Analyze how and why the Cold War gradually thawed Again, the death of Stalin cannot be underestimated as an influence. Be aware, though, that while the “cult of personality” disappeared from Soviet political life, the edifices of the totalitarian state remained. The so-called thaw involved a number of “quick-freeze” crises. The summit meetings played an invaluable role in decreasing superpower tensions. The Cuban Missile Crisis may have alerted the United States and the USSR to the ultimate disaster that “brinkmanship” could lead to. The year 1963 was significant in that the Test Ban Treaty was signed and the monolithic Communist Bloc cracked with the Soviet-Chinese rift. Nixon’s policy of detente, despite the Vietnam War, was a giant step. The Nonproliferation Treaty and the SALT treaties were significant.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM, AND COLD WAR OVERVIEW - Western European Recovery 1945-1957 - 1945 - Germany’s Ruhr Valley (aka Ruhr Basin) - reparations - Morganthau Plan - 1946 - partitioning of Germany - occupation zones - French, German, American, Soviet - Soviet becomes East Germany - remainder becomes West Germany - Communist agitation in France and Italy - 1948 - Czech Communists seize power in Czechoslovakia - the Marshall Plan - George Marshall - 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) - 1950 - European recovery - free trade - policy of containment - 1952 - Schuman and Monnet Plan - European Coal and Steel Community - 1955 - the Warsaw Pact - 1957 - European Economic Community - Common Market - Communism: the Soviet Union and Its Satellites (Soviet Bloc) - 1945 - Eastern European countries - Albania and Yugoslavia - 1945-1953 - land distribution reforms - collectivization - Five Year Plans - police state - Joseph Stalin - Great Patriotic War - gulags - 1949 - test of 1st atomic bomb - 1953 - test of 1st hydrogen bomb - death of Stalin - Lavrenti Beria - beginning of resistence in satellite countries - 1956 - Nikita S. Khruschchev - crimes of Stalin - cult of personality - de-Stalinization - Polish, Hungarian revolts - Wladysaw Gomulka - 1957 - Sputnik - intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) - 1964 - Khruschchev ousted - Centralized economie planning (Gosplan) - failure of collectivized farms - 1968 - Soviets invade Czechoslovakia - the Brezhnev Doctrine - Leonid Brezhnev - Cold War - conflict between the Soviet Union and the West - the superpowers (US and USSR) - 1st. world, 2nd world, 3rd world - Marxist revolutions in Asia, Africa and Latin America - nuclear arms race - “balance of terror” - collapse of the Soviet Union - new world order - 1945-1947 - Communist strikes in Western Europe - takeover of Eastern Europe nations - Truman Doctrine - 1948 - Soviet blockade of Berlin - the Berlin Airlift - European Recovery Plan (Marshall Plan) - 1949 - Chinese Communist Revolution - Mao Zedong (Communists) - Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) - Formosa (Taiwan) - 1950 - the Korean War - Kim Il Sung - Syngman Rhee - 38th parallel - Soviet boycott of UN Security Council - Gen. Douglas MacArthur - Inchon - the firing of MacArthur - armistice 1953 - 1953 - death of Stalin - Khruschchev - peaceful coexistence - 1955 - Geneva Summit - President Eisenhower - Soviet leaders - French and British Prime Ministers - 1956 - wars in the Middle East - the Geneva Accords - partitioning of Vietnam - 1959 - Communist takeover of Cuba - Fulgencio Batista - Fidel Castro - 1960 - the Paris Summit - the U-2 incident - 1961 - Bay of Pigs invasion - John F. Kennedy - Berlin Wall - 1962 - U.S. “military advisors” in Vietnam - South Vietnam - Vietcong - Vietminh - Cuban Missile Crisis - 1963 - Nuclear test ban treaty - the “hotline” - Failsafe theory - rift between USSR and Communist China - 1964 - China joins “nuclear bomb club” - 1965 - Lyndon Baines Johnson - escalation of Vietnam war - the Chinese People’s Republic (aka PRC or communist China) --1969 - Richard Nixon - Henry Kissinger - detente - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) - U.S. lands on the moon - 1970 - Nonproliferation treaty - India joins “nuclear bomb club” - 1972 - Nixon visits China - beginning of “the Thaw”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM AND COLD WAR FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. What is detente? How was it applied to the Cold War? 2. What is meant by “the thaw” in relations between the West and the Communism? 3. Despite the success of Gosplan, what were some of the failures in production? 4. List the pros and cons of Stalin’s administration in the USSR. 5. What were the Communist countries that were not part of the Soviet Union’s satellite nations? Why? 6. Describe the terms of the Schuman and Monnet Plan. What did it promote? 7. What was the main reason the U.S. put aside its policy of isolationism after World War II? 8. Name the industrial regions of Germany. Where is the center? 9. In what ways were tensions increased by the partitioning of Germany? 10. Why is the Marshall Plan considered altruistic? 11. Which countries are part of the Common Market? How was the Common Market created? 12. Name some of the common characteristics of the Soviet satellites. How do they relate to the USSR. 13. List the changes in Soviet policy under the leadership of Nikita Khruschchev. 14. Make a chronological table of the events before, during, and shortly after the Korean War. 15. What was wrong with the Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1970. How could it backfire?