AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. Define in detail what Glasnost is. 2. What steps were taken to alleviate tensions between the West and the East during the Cold War? 3. Who was for and who was against the Brezhnev Doctrine? Why? 4. Why was the Solidarity Movement successful. Were there any downsides to movement? 5. What monetary system was adopted at Bretton Woods? What was recovery based on? 6. Assess the presidency of Willy Brandt; his successes and failures. 7. The recession of the 1970's and 80's had consequences to world society. What were they? 8. What were some of the factors that caused the economic recession of the 70's and 80's 9. Why wasn’t there a reaction or revolution in response to unemployment and inflation of the 70's and 80's? 10.There were three waves” in the feminist movement. What were they? 11. Why was the USSR’s involvement in Afghanistan called the Soviet’s “Vietnam”? 12. Which ex-Soviet bloc states achieved independence peacefully? Violently? 13. Was Gorbachev’s perestroika plan successful? Why or why not? 14. List some of the books on feminism that were written by female contemporary writers of the era. 15. What were some of the changes in European society in the past 30 years?

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE VOCABULARY CONTEMPORARY: living, occurring, or originating at the same time ALLEVIATE: to make (pain or difficulty) less severe MONETARY: relating to money or currency RECESSION: a temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced DEFICITS: a temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced BOOM: economic time of prosperity and plenty INFLATION: a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money STAGFLATION: economic stagnation with high inflation and high unemployment GLASNOST: the policy or practice of more open government. PERESTROIKA: restructuring (refers to radical economic, political, and social reforms in the USSR) OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PROFOUND: very great or intense; showing great knowledge or insight; demanding deep study or thought IMPOSITION: when one is forced to be accept, undertake, or comply with; to take unfair advantage of someone AUSTERITY: a period of lacking comforts, luxuries, or adornment; or severe or strict in appearance or manner FRUGAL: sparing or economical as regards money or food. AUTOBAHN: a motorway in a German-speaking country INITIATIVE: the ability to act independently and with a fresh approach; the power or opportunity to act before others do; a new development or fresh approach to a problem. RECONCILIATION: restoration of friendly relations between two parties STALEMATE a situation in which further progress by opposing parties seems impossible ENTERPRISE: a business or company; a project or undertaking, especially a bold one; bold resourcefulness MARKET MECHANISMS: rules and regulations that drive an economic market REPUDIATION: a denial of the truth or validity of something or someone; a refusal to accept or be associated with OPT: choose GNP: Gross National Product EMBARGO: an official ban, especially on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country BRAIN DRAIN: the emigration the best and brightest of a country to another usually to avoid persecution URBANIZATION: :relating to or characteristic of changing into a town or city S.T.A.R.T.: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START COUP: a coup d’etat WORLD COURT IN THE HAGUE: international court whose jurisdiction is crimes against humanity DISTINCTION: a marked difference or contrast; the action of distinguishing MATERIALISTIC: a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values ETHNIC CLEANSING: genocide, the deliberate destruction of an ethnic group FALTER: to lose strength or momentum; move or speak hesitantly DISSOLUTION: the formal closing down or ending of an assembly, official body, or agreement PROVOKE: to stimulate or cause a strong or unwelcome reaction or emotion in someone; to deliberately annoy or anger; to incite to do or feel something, especially by arousing anger.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTIONS NOTE: THESE ESSAY QUESTIONS MUST BE ANSWERED AND TURNED IN THE DAY OF THE TEST 1. To what extent and in what ways did Gorbachev’s reforms bring about the dissolution of the USSR? How important were his reforms in the process? Which ones affected it? Consider both perestroika and glasnost. Be sure to show how their degree of success or failure provoked the final breakdown. Consider his repudiation of the Brezhnev Doctrine. 2. Analyze the causes of the economic crises in Europe during the 1970's. Trace the causes and determine the relationships of the world monetary crisis and the OPEC oil embargos in bringing about the regional stagflation of the 1970's. 3. Describe the Eastern European Revolutions of 1989. Explain the patterns of revolution in the various East European states during 1989. Consider the role of Solidarity in Poland, the liberalization policies in Hungary, the bloody uprisings in Romania, the opening of the Berlin Wal in Germany. 4. Discuss how the entrance of great numbers of women in the workplace has altered European society Relate the “big picture” and offer specific effects of this powerful trend. How has life changed for the mass of European women? How has the trend affected family, birthrate, divorce, marriage? 5. Explain how the Solidarity Movement in Poland evolved from a trade union movement to a force for a national democratization. Offer reasons for, and make clear why, a trade union was able to democratize a Communist dictatorship. Be sure to examine origins; leadership on both sides; the role of the Roman Catholic Church; the nature of Polish society; and the gains, losses, and final triumphs of the movement.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE Topics and Terms - Economics - Bretton Woods - Common Market - GNP (Gross National Produce) - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Oil Embargo 1973 - Arab-Israeli War 1973 - oil wars - stagflation - unionism, welfare benefits - European Community (EC) - the Maastricht Treaty - Science - WWII inventions - atomic energy - computers - “pure and applied science” - Big Science - space race - sputnik - brain drain - Population and Poverty - population control - industrialization, urbanization, attitude changes, modern contraception - First, Second and Third World - rise in births, decline of deaths - women’s movement - Collapse of Communism and the End of the Cold War - Mikhail Gorbachev - INF Treaty - USSR’s war in Afghanistan - perestroika - glasnost - Congress of People’s Deputies 1989 - Solidarity - Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia - fall of the Berlin Wall - revolution in Romania - Germany’s re-unification - Cold War over November 1990 - Charter for a New Europe - Boris Yeltsin - independence of Croatia, Slovenia - from Yugoslavia - Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) - Communist coup attempt - independence of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia - Commonwealth of Independent States - ethnic rivalries in the Balkans - World Court in the Hague - 1st Gulf War - Society - class distinctions now blurred - consumer culture - new products, new career opportunities - Baby Boomers - prosperous - higher educated - rebellious - rock music - drugs - loose sexual attitudes - materialistic - anti-war student radicalism - more women in the workforce - more divorces? - birth control - Simone de Beauvoir - Betty Friedan - feminism - Recent Developments - economic change - Western Europe (but not Great Britain) - Monetary union - Germany - Willy Brandt - united but with complications - Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic join NATO - ethnic cleansing in the Balkans - Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Kosovars, Montenegrins, Albanians - Slobodan Milosevic - Russia - faltering economy - corruption during Yeltsin’s tenure - Chechnya - Vladimir Putin - detente - 9/11 terrorist attacks - international era - religious fanaticism - Muslim - Christian - Hindu - Israelis and Palestinians

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM AND COLD WAR FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. What is detente? How was it applied to the Cold War? 2. What is meant by “the thaw” in relations between the West and the Communism? 3. Despite the success of Gosplan, what were some of the failures in production? 4. List the pros and cons of Stalin’s administration in the USSR. 5. What were the Communist countries that were not part of the Soviet Union’s satellite nations? Why? 6. Describe the terms of the Schuman and Monnet Plan. What did it promote? 7. What was the main reason the U.S. put aside its policy of isolationism after World War II? 8. Name the industrial regions of Germany. Where is the center? 9. In what ways were tensions increased by the partitioning of Germany? 10. Why is the Marshall Plan considered altruistic? 11. Which countries are part of the Common Market? How was the Common Market created? 12. Name some of the common characteristics of the Soviet satellites. How do they relate to the USSR. 13. List the changes in Soviet policy under the leadership of Nikita Khruschchev. 14. Make a chronological table of the events before, during, and shortly after the Korean War. 15. What was wrong with the Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1970. How could it backfire?

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM, AND THE COLD WAR 1945-1970 PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Explain the major confrontations of the Cold War before the death of Stalin To “detail” is the task. First, determine what is meant by “confrontation.” The very essence of the Cold War was that the superpowers never directly confronted each other militarily. Before 1953 and the death of Stalin, one of the most serious confrontations involved the United States and the USSR over the Berlin Blockade. Through the winter of 1948-1949, mostly American aircraft flew over Soviet-held East Germany to supply West Berlin. The forces of each of the superpowers were within easy shooting distance, but moderation prevailed on both sides. The Korean War brought the United States and other U.N. forces into a shooting war with the new Communist China, which was considered a close ally of the Soviets and was supplied with Russian arms and aided by Russian “volunteers.” President Truman’s sacking of Gen. MacArthur limited the scope of the war. The Truman Doctrine and NATO, the West’s responses to the Communist threat in Europe, could be considered elements of the overall confrontation. 2. Evaluate the role of NATO in the defense of Western Europe. “What minuses?” you ask. Did its establishment in 1949 increase tensions between the West and the Soviets? Should West Germany have been rearmed by 1950? Should it have been authorized to create a “national army” by 1954? Did its role in NATO exaggerate the importance of the United States in Europe? Would the Warsaw Pact have been consummated if not for the existence of NATO? Were there alternatives? The pluses? It seems to have averted an invasion of Western Europe after its inception. The stationing of hundreds of thousands of American troops on European soil not only aided the Western Europeans in their defense, but it enabled them to invest in their economies the huge sums needed for defense. The United States also gave billions of dollars to other NATO powers to build up their military forces, and U.S. bases boosted their local economies. 3. Analyze the movement toward economic union in Western Europe. Recall that the Marshall Plan inspired the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. Did this set the tone for the Schumann and Monnet plan? What was the European Coal and Steel Community? How did it evolve into the Common Market? Who were the Common Market’s first members? Why wasn’t Britain one of them? What was the role of the French in delaying British membership? How has European consolidation gone beyond the economic? . 4. Contrast and compare the status of Eastern European satellites before and in the two decades after the death of Stalin. Eastern Europe before the Soviet takeover after World War II was an agricultural, not an industrial, region. How did land redistribution and Soviet-type Five Year Plans change this? What was the political situation for the satellites? How did the East Berlin riots of 1953 set a new precedent in the relations between the Soviets and their satellites? How did “de-Stalinization” help precipitate revolts in Poland and Hungary in 1956? How did these revolts affect the political and economic reform of Eastern Europe? How did the suppression of Czechoslovakia in 1968 diminish the soviet reputation as anti-imperialistic in the Third World? What changed, what remained the same after Stalin’s death? 5. Analyze how and why the Cold War gradually thawed Again, the death of Stalin cannot be underestimated as an influence. Be aware, though, that while the “cult of personality” disappeared from Soviet political life, the edifices of the totalitarian state remained. The so-called thaw involved a number of “quick-freeze” crises. The summit meetings played an invaluable role in decreasing superpower tensions. The Cuban Missile Crisis may have alerted the United States and the USSR to the ultimate disaster that “brinkmanship” could lead to. The year 1963 was significant in that the Test Ban Treaty was signed and the monolithic Communist Bloc cracked with the Soviet-Chinese rift. Nixon’s policy of detente, despite the Vietnam War, was a giant step. The Nonproliferation Treaty and the SALT treaties were significant.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM, AND COLD WAR Overview - Western European Recovery 1945-1957 - 1945 - Germany’s Ruhr Valley (aka Ruhr Basin) - reparations - Morganthau Plan - 1946 - partitioning of Germany - occupation zones - French, German, American, Soviet - Soviet becomes East Germany - remainder becomes West Germany - Communist agitation in France and Italy - 1948 - Czech Communists seize power in Czechoslovakia - the Marshall Plan - George Marshall - 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) - 1950 - European recovery - free trade - policy of containment - 1952 - Schuman and Monnet Plan - European Coal and Steel Community - 1955 - the Warsaw Pact - 1957 - European Economic Community - Common Market - Communism: the Soviet Union and Its Satellites (Soviet Bloc) - 1945 - Eastern European countries - Albania and Yugoslavia - 1945-1953 - land distribution reforms - collectivization - Five Year Plans - police state - Joseph Stalin - Great Patriotic War - gulags - 1949 - test of 1st atomic bomb - 1953 - test of 1st hydrogen bomb - death of Stalin - Lavrenti Beria - beginning of resistence in satellite countries - 1956 - Nikita S. Khruschchev - crimes of Stalin - cult of personality - de-Stalinization - Polish, Hungarian revolts - Wladysaw Gomulka - 1957 - Sputnik - intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) - 1964 - Khruschchev ousted - Centralized economie planning (Gosplan) - failure of collectivized farms - 1968 - Soviets invade Czechoslovakia - the Brezhnev Doctrine - Leonid Brezhnev - Cold War - conflict between the Soviet Union and the West - the superpowers (US and USSR) - 1st. world, 2nd world, 3rd world - Marxist revolutions in Asia, Africa and Latin America - nuclear arms race - “balance of terror” - collapse of the Soviet Union - new world order - 1945-1947 - Communist strikes in Western Europe - takeover of Eastern Europe nations - Truman Doctrine - 1948 - Soviet blockade of Berlin - the Berlin Airlift - European Recovery Plan (Marshall Plan) - 1949 - Chinese Communist Revolution - Mao Zedong (Communists) - Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) - Formosa (Taiwan) - 1950 - the Korean War - Kim Il Sung - Syngman Rhee - 38th parallel - Soviet boycott of UN Security Council - Gen. Douglas MacArthur - Inchon - the firing of MacArthur - armistice 1953 - 1953 - death of Stalin - Khruschchev - peaceful coexistence - 1955 - Geneva Summit - President Eisenhower - Soviet leaders - French and British Prime Ministers - 1956 - wars in the Middle East - the Geneva Accords - partitioning of Vietnam - 1959 - Communist takeover of Cuba - Fulgencio Batista - Fidel Castro - 1960 - the Paris Summit - the U-2 incident - 1961 - Bay of Pigs invasion - John F. Kennedy - Berlin Wall - 1962 - U.S. “military advisors” in Vietnam - South Vietnam - Vietcong - Vietminh - Cuban Missile Crisis - 1963 - Nuclear test ban treaty - the “hotline” - Failsafe theory - rift between USSR and Communist China - 1964 - China joins “nuclear bomb club” - 1965 - Lyndon Baines Johnson - escalation of Vietnam war - the Chinese People’s Republic (aka PRC or communist China) --1969 - Richard Nixon - Henry Kissinger - detente - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) - U.S. lands on the moon - 1970 - Nonproliferation treaty - India joins “nuclear bomb club” - 1972 - Nixon visits China - beginning of “the Thaw”