HONORS WORLD HISTORY: ROME

ROME READING: WORLD HISTORY: MODERN TIMES CHAPTER 1 SECTION 3: ROME AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY, PAGES 144 TO 151 ASSIGNMENTS; GEOGRAPHY SKILLS, PAGES 147, 149, CHART SKILLS PAGE 150, AND SECTION 3 ASSIGNMENT PAGE 151, 1 THROUGH 8. EXTRA CREDIT: GEOGRAPHY SKILLS PAGE 125, PICTURING HISTORY PAGE 127, AND CHAPTER 1, SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT PAGE 129, 1 THROUGH 8

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: ROME

ROME READING ASSIGNMENT: Western Civilization, Chapters 5 & 6, pages 106 - 163 The Roman Republic The Roman Empire Be sure to include in your reading the picture captioning, chronology boxes, maps, and primary source readings on pages 112, 113, 117, 119, 122, 124, 126, 131, 138, 139, 143, 144, 149, 153, 155, 156, and 160.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY AND HONORS WORLD HISTORY

NOTES FOR UNIT 1: THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATIONS WORLD HISTORY NOTES #1 & 2 THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATIONS - Early man identified by tools and fossils, etc. - Paleolithic Old Stone Age - @ 2 million years ago - people nomadic - hunter/gatherers - developed language - developed religion @ 10,000 years ago Neolithic era - New Stone Age - 1st farmers - better tools and buildings - cloth & pottery - domesticated animals - fire - trade between villages - invention of the wheel - copper working invented - then bronze from mixing metals - The Bronze Age - associated with ancient Greece - Many civilizations began close to rivers - four great river valleys - Egypt - Nile - China - Yellow - India - Indus - Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates - The Fertile Crescent - Mesopotamia - “the land between two rivers” - polytheistic - trade was very important (barter system) - Sumer the first great city of Mesopotamia - Sumerians invented writing - cuneiform - 2350 BCE - Sumerians conquered by Sargon the Great of Akkad - he established the first Empire - other civilizations progressed into city/states - Mesopotamians invented multiplication, division, geometry, astronomy - 1792BCE it was unified under one ruler in the city/state called Babylon - ruled by Hammurabi - codified laws, some used today - Stele of Hammurabi Egypt - another center of civilization was in the Nile River valley - farms sprang up due to rich fertile soil after flood - Egypt’s Gift of the Nile - the farms turned to villages, then to 2 kingdoms - Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt - around 3100 BCE Menes brought the two together - changed his name to Narmer - he was considered the first Pharaoh - Egyptian civ. continued for at least 30 dynasties - after Menes, there were three periods of strong dynasties - The Old Kingdom - 2686- 2181 BCE - Age of the Pyramids - The Middle Kingdom - 2040 - 1786 - trade flourished during this time - w/Syria, Palestine & Crete - The New Kingdom - 1570-1090 - the Egyptian Empire established - from Euphrates south to Africa - while rulers changed, the culture remained same - for 3000 years - religion played important part of life - government was a theocracy - were polytheistic - believed gods influenced forces of nature - legend of Osiris, Isis, Horus, Seth, Anubis - believed in life after death - source of the mummy ritual - entrails taken out and put in canopic jars - brain whipped by stick and sucked out of nose - body left to soak in natron for more than 70 days - kind of salt - leaves body dark and rigid - then body wrapped and put in sarcophagus - and buried - hence the pyramids - Khufu or Cheops - Khafre - Menkaure - family members were buried in mastabas - the first designer of pyramids was Imhotep - built several pyramids for the Pharaoh Zoser - several survive today - notably the step pyramid of Saqqara - they invented hieroglyphics - writing on papyrus - sometimes on cartouches - developed a calendar more accurate then Sumerians - engineers used geometry - to build and plan irrigation works - they were first to use stone columns - the remains of their architecture is proof, well built - by 1200 BCE their power had peaked - others were coming into power.

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY

MALCOLM X SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. How does Malcolm X’s understanding of racial identity change over the course of his life? Consider the different phases of Malcolm’s life. 2. How does Malcolm X’s view of white people change over the course of his life, and why? Consider the different phases of Malcolm’s life. 3. What role do women play in the autobiography of Malcolm X 4. How and why and by whom was Malcolm X assassinated ? 5. Why is Malcolm X famous? 6. Why did Malcolm Little change his name to Malcolm X? 7. Why did Elijah Muhammad suspend Malcolm X from the Black Muslim movement? 8. What impact did Malcolm X have on the civil rights movement? 9. What did Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King talk about? 10. Summarize Malcolm X’s life. 11. Who was Malcolm X’s white girlfriend? According to Malcolm, what significance was there about her? 12. How did Malcolm X differ from Martin Luther King, Jr.? 12. What effects did Malcolm X have on society? 13 Why does Malcolm go into the details of his early life in Michigan, Boston, and New York? 14 How do the lessons and skills of Malcolm’s life on the street influence his demeanor as a political leader? 15. What, in Malcolm’s experiences, draws him to an activism more militant than the nonviolent activism of Martin Luther King, Jr.? 16 In one speech about the need for blacks to identify with the nonwhite peoples of the world Malcolm X says, “You can’t hate Africa and not hate yourself.” What experiences lead him to make this statement?

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY

THE COLD WAR BEGINS TOPIC AND TERMS PEOPLE Hermann Goering Harry S Truman George F. Kennan Douglas MacArthur Dean Acheson Joseph McCarthy Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Reinhold Niebuhr J. Robert Oppenheimer Jiang Jishi Mao Zedong Henry Wallace Thomas Dewey Strom Thurmond Adlai Stevenson Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon (spit) Alger Hiss Sen. Joseph McCarthy Dr. Benjamin Spock TERMS AND EVENTS Gross National Produce (GNP) Yalta Conference Big Three Cold War U.N. Security Council Big Five Powers Baruch Plan Nuremberg trials iron curtain German occupation zones Berlin blockade Berlin airlift “containment doctrine” Truman Doctrine European Community (EC) Marshall Plan Recognition of Israel 1948 National Security Act Truman’s “Point Four” Program Pentagon National Security Council (NSC) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) “Voice of America” Inchon landing Yalu River Selective Service System (the draft) white flight Bretton Woods North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Japanese occupation Taft-Hartley Act Employment Act 1946 Communist China Soviet A-bomb H-bomb Council of Economic Advisors GI Bill of Rights VA loans “sunbelt” suburbs Federal Housing Administration “Levittown” “Baby Boom” International Monetary Fund (IMF) IBRD (World Bank) United Nations House Committee on Un-American Activities McCarran Act Atomic Energy Commission Fair Deal Hydrogen bomb NSC-68 U.N. “police action” 38TH Parallel Dixiecrats Loyalty oaths

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY

THE COLD WAR BEGINS FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. Unit Introduction The authors here summarize the formative forces for the generation born after World War II. Explain what they mean in the first paragraph when they say that the “two themes of promise and menace mingled uneasily throughout the nearly five decades of the Cold War era...” What is the difference between “Russia” and the “Soviet Union”? a. Promise b. Menace: c. “Russia”/”Soviet Union:” 2. Adjustment to Peacetime The authors describe the shock to both production and price levels as the economy converted back from emergency wartime production and had to absorb large numbers of returning soldiers. Postwar Republican efforts to slow down the New Deal-inspired march of unionization came to a head in 1947 with the passage of the ___________-___________ Act restricting union activities. Congress passed the “GI Bill of ___________,” which helped educate some ____ million veterans and lent them money through the ___________________ Administration (VA) so they could settle down in their own houses. Did the government pass this law primarily because it felt an obligation to those who had fought the war? If not, what other motivations might have been involved? The authors say that this act produced big economic benefits for the country. Do you think that taxpayers should pay for free higher education as they do in some other countries? a. Motivation: b. Free higher Education: 3. Postwar Economic Boom The authors list several causes of the sustained economic boom that lasted basicallly from 1950 to 1970. What do they mean by the following factors? a. World War II itself: b. “Permanent war economy” (see charts page 856): c. Cheap energy: d. Productivity gains: e. “Sunbelt” and mobility: 4. Suburbs and Baby Boom a. A depression and war-weary middle-class population happily moved to the suburbs and bgegan making babies in the postwar years. As you read the section on “The Suburbanites,”list some of the pros and cons of the lifestyle described. I. Pros: II. Cons: b. the authors refer to the “baby boom” from 1945 to 1960 as a “pig passing through a python.” This caused a boom in elementary school construction in the 1950s then rock music in the 1960s and 1970s. The baby boom generation is now firmly in middle age. If you h ad some extra cash, what types of businesses might you invest in today that will benefit from the “Baby Boom Bulge”over the next twenty years? 5. Harry S Truman In this short section, the authors pass judgment on Truman, a man from a relatively plain Missouri background whose fate it was to be thrust into the presidency at a time in which some momentous decisions had to be made. From what they say here, do you guess that the authors will be positive or negative on Truman’s performance in office? Why? What clues do they give? 6. Yalta Sets the Stage In the absence of a formal peace conference (like Versailles after World War I), the wartime meeting at the Russian resort of Yalta in February 19___ among Roosevelt, _______________, and _________ takes on huge importance. At Yalta a new ______________ Nations organization was agreed upon. Stalin promised free postwar elections for Eastern European countries such as _______________, but Russian forces were occupying these countries on their march toward Berlin and there was little the West could do to keep Stalin from eventually breaking this promise. In return for a share of the goodies at the peace table, Stalin promised to help the United States defeat Japan within ____ months of the final victory over Germany. Remember from the last chapter the argument of some that the prospect of Russia thus enhancing its postwar position in Asia MAY have influenced the American decision to drop the A-bomb when it did. 7. U.S. vs. USSR List a few of the ways the authors, in their even-handed analysis, say that both the differences and similarities between the United States and the USSR led to almost inevitable confliict. a. Differences and suspicions: b. Similarities: 8. Cold War Begins a. A new postwar international framework, this time with full U.S. participation, was established when the International ______________ Fund (IMF) and the _____________ Bank were established at the _____________ Woods Conference in 1944. Replacing the old League, a new ________________ Nations was established in San Francisco a year later. The U.N. had a number of successes but missed a golden opportunity to control the massive dangers of atomic power when the ______________ Plan was never approved. Twenty-two top Nazis were tried and convicted at _________________ after the war. If war involves mass killing by definition, do you think it’s fair to hold trials for “war crimes”? If so, can you think of any acts by the United States during its various wars that might justify prosecution? b. After the war, both Germany and its capital _____________ were each divided into four supposedly temporary “zones of occupation” to be administered by the “Big Four” - the United States, the USSR, ___________, and ________________. These evolved into two separate countries, ____________ Germany, tied to the Soviets, and __________ Germany, tied to Western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, trying to starve the western powers out of their sectors in Berlin, located deep inside the eastern sector. The United States responded with a gigantic ______________ designed to keep the Berlin supply line open. Stalin finally called off the blockade in May 19___. By 1947, the broad strategy of “containing” Soviet expansionism, first developed by Soviet specialist George F. ________, had become accepted in America. Following potential communist takeovers in Greece and _____________________, this strategy became formalized in what came to be known as the ________________ Doctrine, an open-ended American commitment to support “free peoples” resisting communist takeovers. What do you see as the strengths as well as the potential dangers of this American “holy-war” against communism? I. Strengths: II. Potential dangers: c. to keep communism out of Western Europe, Truman won approval in 1948 for the _____________ Plan, which would eventually funnel $______ billion into the successful reconstruction of Western Europe. It would also set the stage for the eventual creation of the ______________ Union (EC) which is now unifying European countries. In 1947, the National ____________ Act reorganized and unified the military in the face of Soviet challenge and created the National _________________ Council (NSC) and Central _________________ Agency (CIA). In a major break with the nation’s isolationist past, Congress in 1949 approved joining the North __________ _________ Organization (NATO), a defensive alliance of western European nations. Japanese reconstruction proceeded quickly and efficiently under the command of U.S. General Douglas _______________ and with the cooperation of the Japanese. In China, however, Communist forces under Mao _________ in 1949 forced the Nationalist government under Generalissimo Jiang ___________ to leave he mainland and set up on the island of ___________________. This development, together with the first Soviet explosion of an ___________ bomb in 1949, further heightened American anxieties. A massive and fantastically dangerous nuclear arms race ensued, beginning with the first explosion of an American ________ bomb in 1952. 9. Cold War at Home a. There is now no doubt that the Soviets did support a variety of “front” organizations in the United States (as well as the open American Communist Party) and had a few spies planted within U.S. agencies. However, the frantic anti-Communist hysteria of the late 1940's and early 1950's was largely reprehensible. ____________ oaths were required of teachers and government employees, and many good careers were ruined. Future president Richard M. Nixon (spit) came to prominence as a lowly congressman when he successfully pursued diplomat Alger __________ . Worst of all was the intimidation of Senator Joseph R. _____________, who started by accusing State Department employees of Red ties and expanded from there. This hysterical period quieted down a bit after the 1953 execution of Julius and Ethel ______________ on charges of delivering atomic secrets to the Soviets. What actions, if any, by people working to change or overthrow the U.S. government do you think should be illegal? b. the 1948 election pitted the incumbent Democratic President _________ against Republican New York governor Thomas E. ___________. Truman’s party was divided on the right by ultraconservative J. Strom _____________ and on the left by Henry A. _____________. Though apparently the loser, Truman’s feisty style won him another term. 10. Korea a. This major war, which killed as many Americans as Vietnam, gets only a two-page treatment here. Remember the concessions given to Stalin at Yalta in return for his agreement to help with the final defeat of Japan. As a result of this, Russia occupied the northern half of the Korean peninsula and the United States the southern half. Two separate antagonistic countries evolved. In June of 1950, the North Koreans crossed the _______ parallel in an attempt to defeat the South and unify the country. Why do the authors say that this invasion provided proof to Truman of the fundamental premise of the “containment doctrine”? b. Code-named “____-68,” the administration used this crisis as an excuse for a massive military buildup. Implementing his “containment” policy, Truman obtained a U.N. Security Council resolution (in the absence of the Soviet representative) condemning the invasion. He then sent in U.S. forces under General ______________. These forces made a surprise invasion behind enemy lines at __________ in September 1950, and drove north to the Chinese border, whereupon Chinese troops entered the war, crossing the _______ River and forcing the Americans back to a long stalemate around the 38th parallel dividing line. Because General _____________ publicly demanded the right to widen the war by attacking parts of China, he was removed from office by President ___________ in 1951. Do you agree with MacArthur that he was being asked to fight a war “with one hand tied behind my back’? Do you agree with Truman that, despite his popularity and success, MacArthur should have been removed from command? Why or why not? I. MacArthur’s complaint: II. MacArthur’s removal:

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

POSTWAR EUROPE: RECOVERY, COMMUNISM, AND THE COLD WAR 1945-1970 PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Explain the major confrontations of the Cold War before the death of Stalin To “detail” is the task. First, determine what is meant by “confrontation.” The very essence of the Cold War was that the superpowers never directly confronted each other militarily. Before 1953 and the death of Stalin, one of the most serious confrontations involved the United States and the USSR over the Berlin Blockade. Through the winter of 1948-1949, mostly American aircraft flew over Soviet-held East Germany to supply West Berlin. The forces of each of the superpowers were within easy shooting distance, but moderation prevailed on both sides. The Korean War brought the United States and other U.N. forces into a shooting war with the new Communist China, which was considered a close ally of the Soviets and was supplied with Russian arms and aided by Russian “volunteers.” President Truman’s sacking of Gen. MacArthur limited the scope of the war. The Truman Doctrine and NATO, the West’s responses to the Communist threat in Europe, could be considered elements of the overall confrontation. 2. Evaluate the role of NATO in the defense of Western Europe. “What minuses?” you ask. Did its establishment in 1949 increase tensions between the West and the Soviets? Should West Germany have been rearmed by 1950? Should it have been authorized to create a “national army” by 1954? Did its role in NATO exaggerate the importance of the United States in Europe? Would the Warsaw Pact have been consummated if not for the existence of NATO? Were there alternatives? The pluses? It seems to have averted an invasion of Western Europe after its inception. The stationing of hundreds of thousands of American troops on European soil not only aided the Western Europeans in their defense, but it enabled them to invest in their economies the huge sums needed for defense. The United States also gave billions of dollars to other NATO powers to build up their military forces, and U.S. bases boosted their local economies. 3. Analyze the movement toward economic union in Western Europe. Recall that the Marshall Plan inspired the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. Did this set the tone for the Schumann and Monnet plan? What was the European Coal and Steel Community? How did it evolve into the Common Market? Who were the Common Market’s first members? Why wasn’t Britain one of them? What was the role of the French in delaying British membership? How has European consolidation gone beyond the economic? . 4. Contrast and compare the status of Eastern European satellites before and in the two decades after the death of Stalin. Eastern Europe before the Soviet takeover after World War II was an agricultural, not an industrial, region. How did land redistribution and Soviet-type Five Year Plans change this? What was the political situation for the satellites? How did the East Berlin riots of 1953 set a new precedent in the relations between the Soviets and their satellites? How did “de-Stalinization” help precipitate revolts in Poland and Hungary in 1956? How did these revolts affect the political and economic reform of Eastern Europe? How did the suppression of Czechoslovakia in 1968 diminish the soviet reputation as anti-imperialistic in the Third World? What changed, what remained the same after Stalin’s death? 5. Analyze how and why the Cold War gradually thawed Again, the death of Stalin cannot be underestimated as an influence. Be aware, though, that while the “cult of personality” disappeared from Soviet political life, the edifices of the totalitarian state remained. The so-called thaw involved a number of “quick-freeze” crises. The summit meetings played an invaluable role in decreasing superpower tensions. The Cuban Missile Crisis may have alerted the United States and the USSR to the ultimate disaster that “brinkmanship” could lead to. The year 1963 was significant in that the Test Ban Treaty was signed and the monolithic Communist Bloc cracked with the Soviet-Chinese rift. Nixon’s policy of detente, despite the Vietnam War, was a giant step. The Nonproliferation Treaty and the SALT treaties were significant.