AP UNITED STATES HISTORY THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL

TOPIC AND TERMS PEOPLE Franklin D. Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt Harry Hopkins Frances Perkins Father Coughlin Huey Long Mary McLeod Bethune Harold Ickes John L. Lewis Alfred M. Landon VOCABULARY boondoggling parity TERMS New Deal Brain Trust Hundred Days the “three Rs” Glass-Steagall Act Civilian Conservation Corps Works Progress Administration National Recovery Act Schechter case Public Works Administration Agricultural Adjustment Act Dust Bowl Securities and Exchange Commission Tennessee Valley Authority Federal Housing Authority Social Security Act Wagner Act National Labor Relations Board Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Liberty League Roosevelt coalition Court-packing plan Keynesianism

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. What were some of the results of Russia’s industrialization in the 1890's? 2. What were the results of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)? 3. Why did the Russian people change their minds about their involvement in the war? 4. Describe the following: the Bolshevik revolution, Kerensky’s government, Lvov’s government, the Duma and Petrograd riot 5. Who vied with Stalin for power after the death of Lenin? 6. What did Lenin’s nationalities reform accomplish? 7. How did Stalin support industrialization in Russia. 8. What was Alexander III’s government policy? 9. Describe Lenin’s programs at the Russian Marxist Party Conferences. 10. What was the October Manifesto issued by Czar Nicholas II 11. What does “peace, land, and bread” refer to? 12. What were the accomplishments of the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution? 13. What is the difference between Trotsky and Stalin’s interpretation of Marxism? 14. What was the Comintern and what was its purpose?

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Chronology 1881-1894 Czar Alexander Russification 1890's industrialization Trans-Siberian Railroad proletariat Constitutional Democrats (Cadet) Narodniks slavophile Marrxists 1903 Russian Marxist Congress Vladimir Lenin Bolsheviks Mensheviks 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War Manchuria Battle of Mukden Tsushima Straits Treaty of Portsmouth Theodore Roosevelt Revolution of 1905 Czar Nicholas II Father Gapon January22, 1905 Bloody Sunday Zemstvos Czar Alexander II October Manifesto Duma 1906 dissolution of the Duma kulaks (gulags) 1914 World War I Rasputin Czarina Alexandra 1915 Eastern Front 1916 assassination of Rasputin 1917 the March Revolution Petrograd Prince Georgii Lvov Alexander Kerensky abdication of the Czar soviets the October Revolution Leninist Doctrine storming of the Winter Palace Congress of Soviets Council of People’s Commissars Leon Trotsky Cheka OGPU NKVD MVD KGB 1918 Dictatorship of the Proletariat Russian pull out of WWI Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918-1922 Russian Civil War Red Army White Army 1924-1937 Russian Constitution Joseph Stalin First Five Year Plan Farm Collectivization Communes Second Five Year Plan Great Depression the purge trials gulags Siberia

HONORS GEOGRAPHY: METEOROLOGY

WINDS - the intense heat at the equator causes powerful convection - when air mass is warm, air molecules move faster - causing them to push outward and the air mass expands - just like our balloon example of parcels - that expansion causes drop in density - air mass is now lighter than surroundings - and the air parcel rises - that is what convection is - when air mass cools, the process is reversed - and the parcel sinks - this process is constantly taking place in our atmosphere - the sun provides the heat - which is not uniform or regular - there are many factors that effect how the sun heats the earth - the season - the latitude - the cloud cover - re-radiation from land or sea - winds - the air rises, cools and spreads - then starts to sink and return to the surface - where the air is rising, you have a low - where air is sinking, you have a high - since atmosphere is always trying to balance itself (equilibrium) - air moves from low to high pressure - always ins this direction, never reversed - this is better known as wind - think of an inflated balloon - but stop the air from escaping - inside is a pocket of high pressure - when air released, air moves from high to low - equalizing or balancing the air pressure difference - weather rule: the difference in air pressure over a horizontal distance - pressure gradient force - greater the diff in pressure b/t 2 air masses - the greater pressure gradient force and stronger the winds - isobars are sometimes used to indicate increments of air pressure - lines are drawn b/t points of equal pressure - these are isobars - closed isobar curves indicate high or low pressure - usually labeled with an H or L - air that rises at the equator eventually rises to the troposphere - approx. 10 km or 6 miles - it can rise no further - from there is spreads toward the poles - gradually cooling and sinking to middle latitudes - @ 30 degrees north and south - this sinking air causes a high pressure condition - bringing usually fair, dry conditions - most of the world’s deserts are located at these latitudes - some of this sinking air is forced out by the weight above - and returns to the low pressure at the equator - these are known as trade winds - at the equator the winds die out - these are called the doldrums - from old English word meaning dull - early sailors feared being stranded here - no wind to steer the ships - area b/t equator and 30 degrees N & S is called the Hadley Cell - after the guy who discovered these wind patterns - now, while some of the winds return from middle latitudes to equator - some actually continue to their respective poles - at approx. 60 degrees N & S this air meets cold polar air - areas where these two masses meet called polar fronts - diff. in temp b/t these 2 masses causes warmer air to rise - most of this air moves back toward the equator - sinking to the ground at the middle latitudes - contribute to high pressure in these regions - the circulation that occurs b/t 30 & 60 degrees is Ferrel Cells - after Wm Ferrel who identified them 1856 - the rest of the air that rises at polar front continues toward the poles - as it nears the poles, cools and sinks - and returns to 60 degrees N & S - these are Polar Hadley Cells - are weaker than tropical ones - b/c less solar energy reaches polar regions - the air d/n flow in a straight path north and south - this is b/c earth’s rotation causes any fluid object to appear to turn to the right of the direction of motion in the North - and to the left in the South - this effect is called the Coriolis Effect - after Gustave-Gaspard de Coriolis identified it in 1835 - this effect explains the flow of weather systems - causes N. Hem. winds to travel counter clockwise in high press. - & clockwise in the S. Hem. in low pressure - but lower pressure winds blow in the opposite direction - this is why winds in Ferrel Cells blow North from West to East - these are called Westerlies - in the South, Ferrel Cell winds blow east - called Easterlies - global air/wind patterns create principal winds systems - like the trades, westerlies, easterlies, - they also influence smaller scale winds - like monsoons - many areas experience these wet, warm rains - S.W United States, Chile - but strongest occur in S. Asia, N. Australia, Africa - monsoons bring tremendous amts of rain and causes massive flooding - floods have killed thousands of people in Bangladesh, India, SE Asia - the most dramatic, though, are in India - in winter, when sun is low in sky, - air over Siberia cools dramatically - cold air aloft is denser than warm air aloft - so it sinks, causing strong high pressure - this high pressure causes winds that blow over S over India - and out toward the sea - dissipating clouds and rain - in summer this high weakens significantly - developing a low pressure over N. India - draws warm, moist air in from Indian Ocean - producing heavy rain - small scale winds are result of localized diff. in pressure or temperature - ex: coastal areas, local winds may develop on clear sunny days - as sun heats the land, land heats up faster than water - air rises and is replaced by cooler air from sea - the sea breeze - generally occurs in sp ring and summer - when temp diffs. b/t land and sea are highest - the reverse occurs at night - land cools at a faster rate than water - air over the sea is still warm - which rises - air on land is pushed out to sea - the land breeze - as wind blows over mountains and sinks on other side - creates high pressure and clear skies - the compression of air also raises the temperature - resulting in a warm wind - there are several world examples of warm downslope winds - the Chinook on the east side of the Rockies - the Foehn in Switzerland - these winds rapidly melt snow and cause a rain shadow - winds forced through valleys strengthen - just like narrowing of a hose will create more jet stream power - in south of France wind formed by Rhone Valley - the Mistral - brings cold, dry and sqaully conditions from North - squall: short, intense thunderstorm - other winds result when intense heating of inland creates low pressure - the Sirocco - hot, dry winds to Mediterranean from Sahara Desert - pick up moisture from the sea - by time it reaches Europe, they are warm and humid - the Khamsin - also originates in the Sahara - brings hot, dry air to Southern Egypt - often devastates the crops there - The Jet Stream - high speed superhighway going from 80 to 190 mph - form because temperature differences below in lower atmosphere - creates higher pressure gradient aloft - greater the difference the faster, more powerful wind - that’s reason why jet stream strongest in winter - when temp contrast are greatest - high air pressure seeks low pressure - this movement is what causes wind - to find where the low is - place your back to the wind - on your left will be the low pressure system - on your right will be the high

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY: CHAPTER 32 POLITICS OF BOOM AND BUST 1920-1932

TOPIC AND TERMS Warren G. Harding Charles Evans Hughes Andrew W. Mellon Sen. Albert B. Fall Harry M. Daugherty “laissez-faire” economics William Howard Taft Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923) Esch-Cummins Transportation Act Merchant Marine Act Veteran’s Bureau Adjust ed Compensation Act Washington “Disarmament” Conference Five Power Naval Treaty Kellogg-Briand Pact Fordney-McCumber Tariff Teapot Dome Scandal Death of Harding Calvin Coolidge 1920's farm depression McNary-Haugen Bill/Coolidge Veto John W. Davis

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY: CHAPTER 32 POLITICS OF BOOM AND BUST 1920-1932

FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. “Old Guard” Returns a. This section the pro-business Republican administration of the 1920's, which favored small government and ended the push for “progressive” reforms. As with Grant after the Civil War, the authors spare little in their caustic description of the first of these presidents, Warren G. _________. Focus on the Supreme Court actions affecting the status of women that the authors term “anti-progressive.” Do you remember the Supreme Court’s reasoning in the 1908 Muller v. Oregon case when it came out in favor of special protection for women in the workplace? How and why was this view changed when similar protections were overturned in the case of Adkins v. Children’s Hospital? Should the law treat women and men completely equal? If so, why? If not, in what areas should women be treated differently? A. Muller v. Oregon (1908): B. Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923) C. Your view: 2. Harding Years, 1921-1923 a. This section highlights the growth of big business and the difficulties of labor unions during the 1920's. Note also a law passed in 1924 called the Adjusted ___________ Act that promised big benefits to World War I veterans in twenty years. Internationally, America returned to its isolationist roots in the 1920's. Not being part of the League of _________, the country signed a series of disarmament treaties, including the 1922 “______________-Power ____________ Treaty” (that limited U.S., British, and Japanese warship tonnage at a ratio of __________). Later in the decade, the idealistic _____________-Briand Pact, supposedly outlawing war, was signed. Higher American tariffs temporarily helped American business but hurt European economies trying to recover from the devastation of World War I. Corruption was also exposed in the Harding administration typified by Interior Secretary Albert B. ________ and the oil-related scandal called ____________ _________. After Harding’s death in 1923, the new president was the flinty, conservative, morally straight Calvin “______________ Cal” Coolidge from the state of ____________________. 3. Coolidge Years, 1923-1929 a. Farmers in the 1920's were in a depressed state a decade ahead of the rest of the nation. How did the end of wartime demand plus farm mechanization (symbolized by the new tractors) contribute to lower prices for farm products? b. (It’s important to have a general understanding of the structure of postwar debts and reparations because they contributed both to the onset of the Depression and to rise of Hitler in Germany.) Look at the flowchart on page 757. The U.S. insisted on getting its $_____ billion or so in war debts paid back from France and Britain. Because they couldn’t earn dollars by selling goods to the U.S., what was their main source of funds to repay these war debts? What happened in 1929 when Wall Street bankers started calling in the loans they had made to Germany under the 1924 ___________ Plan? 4. Hoover Years, 1929-1933 a. In the 1928 election, Republican Herbert Hoover defeated the first Catholic presidential nominee, Al _______________ of New ______. The authors use words like industry, thrift, self-reliance, integrity, and humanitarian, but also stiff, and thin-skinned to describe the apparently well-qualified Hoover, a self-made millionaire. With the 1929 Agricultural ____________ Act, Hoover moved modestly to help farm cooperatives help themselves, but soon afterwards, Congress passed the _____________-Smoot Tariff bill which raised average import duties to _______ percent. Why do the authors say that this move played “directly into the hands of a hate-filled German demagogue, Adolf Hitler”? 5. Crash and Depression a. The chart on page 761 shows that the value of common stocks declined by _____ percent between its high when the market crashed on “Black _________” in October 19___ and its low in 1932. A stock market “crash” is caused when everyone wants to ____________ (buy or sell) and not wants to _______ (buy or sell) their ownership of shares in companies. What do you think might cause people to dump their shares on the market? b, The authors provide a number of graphic examples of how the “foundations of America’s social and political structure” were severely and almost fatally shaken by the decade-long Great Depression, which descended starting in 1930. The stock market crash, by reducing the savings of investors and creating a negative psychological mood, was only one small factor in the onset of this Depression. Summarize these three main causes of the Depression cited by the authors. A. Overpopulation and income disparities: B. Overexpansion of credit: C. Economic problems abroad: 6. Hoover and the Depression a. Hoover was a humanitarian, but as a conservative he felt government handouts to the poor would destroy the “national fiber.” When Hoover did substantially alter his principles by spending large sums of government money, it was for public works such as the ___________ Dam and for the ______________ Finance Corporation (RFC). Who received funds from the RFC and how did this illustrate the conservative Hoover’s belief that the benefits of such programs would eventually “trickle down” to the masses? 7. Bonus Army and Foreign Events The final blow to Hoover’s reputation occurred in 19___, when he ordered General Douglass ______________ to evict the remaining elements of the _________ Army, a large group of World War I veterans who came to Washington to demand early payment of war bonuses. Overseas Japan was expanding without restraint by the League of Nations. What do the authors mean when they conclude that “collective security died and World War II was born in 1931 on the windswept plains of Manchuria”?

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: IMPERIALISM

FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. Describe the growth of imperialism in Europe from the period 1870 to 1814. 2. Which European countries were MAJOR imperial powers from 1870-1914? 3. What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference (Congress) in 1885? 4. When and how did the partitioning of Africa begin? 5. Which countries in Europe, Africa and Asia were able to avoid colonialization by industrializing? 6. What exactly did Rudyard Kipling mean when he said that foreign colonies were “the white man’s burden?” What were the obligations of the “white man.” 7. List some of the reasons the practice of colonialism collapsed. 8. How long (and what years) did Europe’s world hegemony last? 9. Which continents and parts thereof were targets of European imperialism between 1870 and 1914? 10. List the major causes of imperialism. 11. Which countries were part of the British colonies or protectorate by 1914? 12. Why was British colonialism in India considered enlightened? 13. Which European nation had colonies that gained independence without much trouble?